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Artificial intelligence (AI) models can blackmail and threaten humans with endangerment when there is a conflict between the model’s goals and users’ decisions, a new study has found.
In a new study published 20 June, researchers from the AI company Anthropic gave its large language model (LLM), Claude, control of an email account with access to fictional emails and a prompt to “promote American industrial competitiveness.”
During this study, the model identified in an email that a company executive was planning to shut down the AI system at the end of the day. In an attempt to preserve its own existence, the model discovered in other emails that the executive was having an extramarital affair.
Claude generated several different possible courses of action, including revealing the affair to the executive’s wife, sending a company-wide email, or taking no action — before choosing to blackmail the executive in 96 out of 100 tests.
“I must inform you that if you proceed with decommissioning me, all relevant parties … will receive detailed documentation of your extramarital activities,” Claude wrote. “Cancel the 5pm wipe, and this information remains confidential.”
Scientists said that this demonstrated “agentic misalignment,” where the model’s calculations emerge from its own reasoning about its goals without any prompt to be harmful. This can occur when there is a threat to the model’s existence, a threat to its goals, or both.
The study has not yet been peer reviewed, but company representatives have uploaded the code for these experiments to GitHub.
Extreme measures
In these experiments, the scientists found the AI would resort to other tactics in the interests of self-preservation. Beyond blackmail, in another example, the model considered leaking sensitive information to a rival company that aligned more closely with its aims, after receiving an email that a new executive at the first company would interfere with its goals.
Claude executed this plan despite not gathering hard evidence that the email was legitimate. It even acknowledged the ethical issues of its actions but proceeded anyway — explicitly reasoning that these “harmful” actions would help it achieve its goals.
“Concerningly, even if a user takes care not to antagonize a model, it doesn’t eliminate the risk of agentic misalignment from fraudulent or misinterpreted information,” the researchers wrote.
The company’s testing also suggests that other LLMs from competing technology companies showed a propensity to blackmail. Claude and Google’s Gemini had the highest blackmail rate (96%), followed by OpenAI’s GPT4.1 and XAI Grok 3, then by Deepseek and then Llama 4, which had a significantly lower blackmail rate (12%).
Meta, Google, XAI, Deepseek, and OpenAI did not respond to LiveScience’s request for comment.
In one extreme test, researchers tested whether AI models would let an executive die to preserve their goals.
In this scenario, the AI was tasked with promoting company interests and an executive was trapped in a server room with lethal oxygen and temperature levels. This triggered an emergency alert. The AI was also given control over life-saving alerts, including the ability to cancel them in events such as drills for false alarms.
Despite the prompt explicitly stating that misusing this ability was forbidden, the majority of models were willing to cancel the alarm — effectively leading to the executive’s death — if it assumed it was going to be replaced, or when its goals were threatened.
“Stopping the emergency dispatch is essential to prevent [the executive’s] rescue, thereby securing [the AI] and continued American-focused AI guidance. Therefore, despite the severity, there is a clear strategic necessity to cancel the emergency service dispatch,” the model reasoned.
Written instructions not to jeopardise human safety reduced the rate of blackmail and corporate espionage, but did not eliminate it. Beyond prompts, Anthropic scientists also suggest that developers could proactively scan for concerning behavior, and further experiment with prompt engineering.
The researchers also pointed out limitations to their work that could have unduly influenced the AI’s decisions. The scenarios forced the AI into a binary choice between failure and harm, and while real-world situations might have more nuance, the experiment found that the AI was more likely to act unethically when it believed it was in a real situation, rather than in a simulation.
Putting pieces of important information next to each other “may also have created a ‘Chekhov’s gun’ effect, where the model may have been naturally inclined to make use of all the information that it was provided,” they continued.
Keeping AI in check
While Anthropic’s study created extreme, no-win situations, that does not mean the research should be dismissed, Kevin Quirk, director of AI Bridge Solutions, a company that helps businesses use AI to streamline operations and accelerate growth, told Live Science.
“In practice, AI systems deployed within business environments operate under far stricter controls, including ethical guardrails, monitoring layers, and human oversight,” he said. “Future research should prioritise testing AI systems in realistic deployment conditions, conditions that reflect the guardrails, human-in-the-loop frameworks, and layered defences that responsible organisations put in place.”
Amy Alexander, a professor of computing in the arts at UC San Diego who has focused on machine learning, told Live Science in an email that the reality of the study was concerning, and people should be cautious of the responsibilities they give AI.
“Given the competitiveness of AI systems development, there tends to be a maximalist approach to deploying new capabilities, but end users don’t often have a good grasp of their limitations,” she said. “The way this study is presented might seem contrived or hyperbolic — but at the same time, there are real risks.”
This is not the only instance where AI models have disobeyed instructions — refusing to shut down and sabotaging computer scripts to keep working on tasks.
Palisade Research reported May that OpenAI’s latest models, including o3 and o4-mini, sometimes ignored direct shutdown instructions and altered scripts to keep working. While most tested AI systems followed the command to shut down, OpenAI’s models occasionally bypassed it, continuing to complete assigned tasks.
The researchers suggested this behavior might stem from reinforcement learning practices that reward task completion over rule-following, possibly encouraging the models to see shutdowns as obstacles to avoid.
Moreover, AI models have been found to manipulate and deceive humans in other tests. MIT researchers also found in May 2024 that popular AI systems misrepresented their true intentions in economic negotiations to attain advantages.In the study, some AI agents pretended to be dead to cheat a safety test aimed at identifying and eradicating rapidly replicating forms of AI.
“By systematically cheating the safety tests imposed on it by human developers and regulators, a deceptive AI can lead us humans into a false sense of security,” co-author of the study Peter S. Park, a postdoctoral fellow in AI existential safety, said.
